Tsetse fly control and trypanosomiasis in Africa, quo vadis?

National and international efforts to eradicate tsetse fly-borne human and animal trypanosomiasis are critically evaluated, and possible reasons for their failure in many cases are discussed. Some formerly performed campaigns in specific areas with positive results cannot be taken as examples to solve the main problems. In future, a significant reduction of trypanosomiasis cases will be possible to achieve only if a concerted long-term Pan-African approach, based on financial security, the continuity of expert staff, and a well-planned, ecologically sound land use, is generally accepted.